Although largely originating in the subprime mortgage market of the US, the crisis quickly spread, becoming known as the global financial crisis. African populations manipulate socio-economic differentials between states and this game signifies the acceptance and the acknowledgment of boundaries rather than their criticism or refusal.1 The financial crisis of 2007-08 prompted a profusion of writing across various disciplines and approaches exploring the sometimes arcane and opaque ‘black box’ of finance. The increasing trade on borders doesn't imply a de-territorialization process but at the contrary, they consolidate the integraty and the unity of national territories. Cities located in the inner territory (provincial or national capitals) take advantage of crossborder trade in the sense that they are mediators, centers of consumption and, they are above all the locations where profits from trade are reinvested. National identities often get stronger in border zones which are not administrated by a transnational political authority.
The border zones are evanescent spatial constructions because the road access to the borders evolve with time and the border markets are ephemeral. The study of the internal structure of border areas, whose central poles are village-markets, reveals that such those border spaces are not autonomous nor new alternative territories. For many authors, transnational informal flows and smuggling represent a threat to the State and a contestation of current national territories. My research discusses the idea of African states' decay and the fragility of national boundaries created by European colonization. It studies nature of flows, examines their spatial consequences (market creation) and profiles the variety of actors who develop strategies of avoidance, especially for managing risks. It is based on qualitative methods including interviews with traders, haulers and people working at the borders. It analyzes the growth of cross-border trade and trafficking in Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon, Chad, Central African Republic) since the 1980's in a context of poverty, ongoing social and economic recession and dysfunctional state structures. Il ne requiert aucune connaissance préalable en gestion.
L'ouvrage s'adresse aux étudiants des facultés, écoles et instituts d'économie et de gestion et des ISET, ainsi qu'à des spécialistes de gestion et entrepreneurs soucieux d'élargir leur vision de l'entreprise et d'acquérir de nouvelles connaissances. Chaque titre peut se lire indépendamment des autres et se veut une invitation à la découverte : de l’Homme, du capital, de l’information, du marché et de la technique. Ces deux concepts clés forment donc le socle de la performance de l’entreprise et de cet ouvrage, conçu en cinq titres. Elle peut prématurément se transformer en une arène de conflits et de rivalités si elle se trouve incapable de mobiliser des ressources et inapte à maitriser des outils. Acteur axial de la vie économique et sociale, l'entreprise est le lieu de rencontres d'intérêts variés rarement consensuels. Comment le comportement individuel peut-il se transformer en capital social ? L’équilibre financier dépend-il uniquement de la gestion de l’entreprise ? Comment trouver une information et gérer la connaissance au sein d’une entreprise ? Est-ce que la construction d’un avantage concurrentiel dépend du marketing ? Comment la qualité est-elle une ressource et la logistique un outil ? Telles sont les questions auxquelles ce livre tente de répondre et qui fondent des principes de la gestion d’entreprise.
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